What term describes the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones?

The term that describes the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones is catabolism. This process is a critical component of metabolism, which encompasses all the chemical reactions occurring within an organism, including both the breakdown of substances (catabolism) and the building up of substances (anabolism).

Catabolism involves various biochemical reactions that release energy by breaking down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into smaller units. This energy release is essential for supporting cellular functions and providing the necessary fuel for bodily activities.

In contrast, anabolism refers to the biosynthetic processes that build complex molecules from simpler ones, utilizing energy. Hydrolysis is a specific type of reaction often involved in catabolic processes, where water is used to break down molecules. However, it is not synonymous with the broader concept of catabolism. Metabolism is the overall term that includes both catabolic and anabolic pathways, making catabolism the correct and specific term in this context.