Which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?

Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process through which the liver and, to a lesser extent, the kidneys produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. This process is crucial in maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during periods of fasting or intense exercise when carbohydrate stores may be depleted.

Glucagon is the hormone that plays a vital role in stimulating gluconeogenesis. When blood glucose levels drop, usually between meals, the pancreas releases glucagon. This hormone acts primarily on the liver, promoting the conversion of non-carbohydrate substrates such as amino acids and glycerol into glucose. By stimulating the genes involved in gluconeogenesis and enhancing the activity of the enzymes that facilitate this process, glucagon increases the availability of glucose in the bloodstream, ensuring that the body has a sufficient energy source when needed most.

Insulin, on the other hand, has the opposite effect, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and promoting the storage of glucose as glycogen. Testosterone and thyroid hormone have various roles in metabolism but are not directly responsible for stimulating gluconeogenesis.