Which hormone stimulates glycolysis?

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP in the process. Insulin is the hormone that plays a crucial role in stimulating glycolysis, particularly after a meal when blood glucose levels are elevated.

When insulin is released from the pancreas, it prompts the uptake of glucose into cells, especially in muscle and adipose tissues, and encourages the synthesis of glycogen and fat. Insulin activates key enzymes involved in glycolysis, such as phosphofructokinase, and enhances the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, a potent activator of glycolysis. By promoting these processes, insulin effectively drives the metabolism of glucose for energy production when it is plentiful.

In contrast, hormones like cortisol and glucagon work to increase glucose release into the bloodstream, primarily acting when blood glucose levels are low. Epinephrine also supports increases in blood glucose levels, particularly during stress or exercise, by promoting the breakdown of glycogen. These actions counteract those of insulin and do not directly stimulate the glycolytic pathway.