Which hormones are considered short-term regulators of appetite?

PYY (peptide YY) and CCK (cholecystokinin) are indeed recognized as short-term regulators of appetite. Both of these hormones play critical roles in the body's immediate response to food intake and help to signal satiety to the brain.

PYY is released by the intestinal L-cells in response to food ingestion, particularly to the presence of fats and proteins. It functions to decrease appetite and inhibit gastric motility. This action contributes to the feeling of fullness after eating.

CCK is secreted by the duodenum in response to dietary fats and proteins and has a significant role in stimulating bile release from the gallbladder and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Additionally, CCK contributes to the sensation of fullness by acting on the central nervous system to promote satiety.

The other hormones mentioned, while they have roles in appetite regulation, do not primarily act as short-term regulators. Ghrelin, for example, is known as the hunger hormone and primarily stimulates appetite. Leptin, on the other hand, acts more as a long-term regulator of energy balance and body weight. Similarly, insulin and glucagon, while important for energy metabolism, operate in the context of longer-term energy availability. Amylin and NPY